European Renaissance. Renaissance - a period of European history (1300-1600) during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world. Shakespeare - English writer of Renaissance, "the greatest playwright of all times". Machiavelli - a Renaissance writer, came to idea that people are selfish, fickle and corrupt. Leonardo da Vinci - a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist of Renaissance. Michaelangelo - Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, and poet. Where did Renaissance begin? Italy Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther - a monk, who started the Reformation by writing 95 Thesis. Sale of indulgences - releasing a sinner from performing the penalty. What church practice did Martin Luther oppose? Selling indulgences. Why did Henry VIII leave the Roman Catholic Church? Because pope did not want to annul his marriage. Results of Protestant Reformation: 1) Creation of new religions. 2) Europe was no longer united by religion. 3) Individual monarchs and states gained power. Age of Exploration. Mercantilism - belief that the resources are limited in the world. Christopher Columbus - a sea captain who found America in search of India. Middle Passage - a voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies and later to North and South America. What were explorers looking for? Greater wealth, spread of chrisitianity, technological advances. Reasons people relocated to colonies: 1) Search for gold. 2) Search for better life. Items gained fo the parent nation by having a colony: land, people, resources, market. Who designed the first city of the New World? Leonardo da Vinci. Age of Enlightenment. Englightened philosophers believed that people can apply reason to all aspects of life. Enlightenment - the Age of Reason, a new movement based on ideas of Scientific Revolution. Popular sovereignty - Separation of Powers - the assignment of executive, legislative, and judicial powers to different officials in the government. John Locke - believed that people could learn from their experience and improve themselves. Natural Rights - life, liberty, property. Checks and balances - measures designed to prevent any branch of government from dominating among the others. Social contract - agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights. French Revolution and Napoleon. Conservative - mainly wealthe landowners and nobles who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of Europe. Right side of the government. Moderate - wanted just some changes. In the middle of the government. Absolute rule - a total power rule. Second Estates - mainly nobles. 2% of the population. Girondists - moderate Republican faction active in the French Revolution from 1791 to 1793. Robespierre - tried to build the "republic of virtue", killed a lot of people. Directory - few people rule the country. Congress of Vienna - meetings, established long lasting peace after Napoleon. Radical - wanted to change everything. Left side of the government. Versailles - a city built by Louis XV. First Estate - clergy, church. Less than 1% of population. Third Estate - peasants, soldiers, merchants. About 98% of population. Jacobins - wanted to remove king and start a new republic. Reign of Terror (mid-1793-mid-1794) - a time period of Robespierre's reign as a dictator. He killed a lot of people. Continental System - Napoleon prevented trade between Great Britain and continental Europe. Legitimacy - the hereditary right of a monarch to rule. Major causes of French Revolution: 1) Unequality of people. 2) Spread of Englightenment ideas. 3) Economy failing. 4) Weak king. Immediate cause of the revolution: King and first and second estated did not agree with 3rd Estate with arguments over how to cound votes. Why did Louis call the Estates General to meet in 1789? To make decision about how to count votes. Why did Third Estate refuse to meet withe the Estates General in 1789? They created the National Assembly. Why did Napoleon fail to conquer Russia? Because of scorched-earth policy used by Russians, and because the winter was coming. Why were the poele willing to accept Napoleon as a dictator? The other kings were much weaker. Industrial Revolution. Robert Ransome - Factors of Production - contitions neede to produce goods and services: land, labor, capital. Enclosure movement - large closed-in fields for farming. Division of Labor - separation of the work involved in production and trade. Corporation - business owned by stockholders who share in its progits but are not responsible for its debts. Partnership - association of two or more persons who have agreed to combine their labor, property, and skill. Trade - exchange of goods. Three Part Iron Plow - Domestic System - production system in which workers complete individual pieces at home, then bring them to work. Mechanization - adding mechanisms to the industries. Monopoly - economic situation in which only a single seller or producer supplies a commodity or a service. Sole proprietorship - Favorable balance of trade - when the country exports more than imports. Where did Industrial Revolution begin? Great Britain. Which industry was the first to be mechanized? Agriculture. What happened to the farm workers? They suffered, striked. Why was the Britain a leader of Industrial Revolution? Social, political, legal conditions were the most favorable to change. Age of Imperialism. Imperialism - powerful nations control or influence over weaker nations or peoples. Protectorate - an agreement in which stronger state protects weaker one. Sphere of influence - interfere in the internal affairs of the state. Social Darwinism - the idea that humans are like anumals and plants, "survival of the fittest". Colony - totally controlled state. Assimilation - the process by which individuals or groups are absorbed into and adopt the dominant culture and society of another group. Art Styles. Surrealism - the realm of dreams. Abstract Expressionism - without recognizable images. Impressionism - a fresh, original vision that was hard for some people to accept as beautiful. Cubism - drawing with the right shapes. Pointillism - small dots or strokes. Economic Ideologies. Capitalism - private individuals carry on the production and exchange of goods. Marxism/Communism - workers seize the power violently, community owns production. Socialism - state controls fundamental means of production. What is the biggest problem with capitalism, according to socialism?? Russian Revolution. Russification - converting all colonies into Russian system. Bloody Sunday - massacre of peaceful demonstrators. Reds - revolutionaries, communists. Rasputin - self proclaimed holy man who controled Russia. Lenin - leader of the communist party. Whites - liberals, conservatives. Causes of Revolution of 1905: 1) Loss in Russo-Japanese war. 2) Unequality of people. What did Lenin promise to people? Land, bread. Mistakes of the provisional government: Did not stop the war. Who overthrew provisional goverment? Bolsheviks. World War I. Stalemate - Nationalism - national self-determination. Militarism - converting everything into military regime. Reparations - Imperialism - control over weaker nation. Alliances - agreement between different countries to help each other in war. Armistice - Treaty of Versailles - ended the war,,, What event started the World War I? Assacination of Archduke Ferdinand. Causes of World War I: 1) Nationalism. 2) Political, economic, rivalry between countries. 3) Military alliances. What did Slavs want from Austria-Hungary? Freedom. Which nation changed from Triple Alliance to Allied Powers? Italy. Why did Great Britain enter the war? Because Germans wanted to seize Belgium. Nations created after World War I: